Toni Cade Bambara (1939–1995) was born in New York City. She received her bachelor's degree from Queens College and her master's degree from City College of the City University of New York. In addition, she studied drama and mime in Europe as well as dance in the United States. She is best known for her short stories, articles, essays, and screenplays that focus on African-American people and issues. She held a variety of positions including welfare investigator, director of community programs, college teacher, lecturer, and editor. Bambara, who was active in civil rights efforts for many years, presented in her writing a realistic, courageous, and sensitive picture of contemporary African-American life.