Before Reading A Dictionary of the English Language
Think About What You Know
Write a quick definition for each of the following words: anthology, gang, lexicographer, nature, oats, and patron. If you do not know one of these words, look up the word in a dictionary. Add the definition to your notebook. Review the difference between connotation and denotation in the Literary Tools section on page 619.
During Reading
Use What You Know as You Read
1. Read the definition of anthology. How does Johnson's definition differ from the definition you wrote in the Before-Reading activity? Does it have a different denotation, connotation, or both?
2. Continue reading the selection. For each word, think about how the definition differs from the one you wrote in the Before-Reading activity.
Fix-Up Idea: Think Aloud
With a partner, think aloud about Johnson's definitions. Focus on one definition at a time. You might point out differences between a standard dictionary definition and Johnson's definition, ask questions about his purpose, or say what you learn about Johnson's attitudes from his definitions.
After Reading
Summarize What You Learned
With two or three of your classmates, discuss the differences in definition that you noted as you read. Then discuss the Respond to the Selection question. Choose five words and write a contextual sentence based on Johnson's definition.
Before Reading "A Brief to Free a Slave"
Identify a Purpose
A brief is a legal document. Johnson's "A Brief to Free a Slave" was written to aid Joseph Knight, a slave, in his legal action to obtain freedom from his Scottish master. As you read, decide whether you find his argument compelling.
During Reading
Read with the Purpose in Mind
1. Listen as your teacher reads the brief aloud. As you listen, take note of Johnson's thesis and argument.
2. Read the selection silently on your own. As you read, outline Johnson's thesis and argument.
Fix-Up Idea: Unlock Difficult Words
Before reading the selection, preview the Words for Everyday Use. Read each word, definition, and contextual sentence carefully. Write your own contextual sentence for each word. Then preview the footnotes. Read each word or phrase and its explanation carefully. As you read, refer back to the footnotes to refresh your understanding of the words. Use context clues to determine the meanings of other unfamiliar words. If you cannot understand the words using context clues, consult a dictionary.
After Reading
Summarize Your Argument
Use your outline to write a brief summary of Johnson's argument. With two or three of your classmates, discuss the Respond to the Selection question. What argument would you make in a brief to free a slave?